@article{Pultsina2024,

title = {Atypical pupil-linked arousal induced by low-risk probabilistic choices, and intolerance of uncertainty in adults with ASD},

author = {Kristina I. Pultsina and Tatiana A. Stroganova and Galina L. Kozunova and Andrey O. Prokofyev and Aleksandra S. Miasnikova and Anna M. Rytikova and Boris V. Chernyshev},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.3758_s13415-024-01227-3.pdf},

doi = {10.3758/s13415-024-01227-3},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-11-19},

urldate = {2024-11-19},

journal = { Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience },

volume = {25},

number = {2},

pages = {531-549},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience stress when operating in a probabilistic environment, even if it is familiar, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Their decision-making may be affected by the uncertainty aversion implicated in ASD and associated with increased autonomic arousal. Previous studies have shown that in neurotypical (NT) people, decisions with predictably better outcomes are less stressful and elicit smaller pupil-linked arousal than those involving exploration. Here, in a sample of 46 high-functioning ASD and NT participants, using mixed-effects model analysis, we explored pupil-linked arousal and behavioral performance in a probabilistic reward learning task with a stable advantage of one choice option over the other. We found that subjects with ASD learned and preferred advantageous probabilistic choices at the same rate and to the same extent as NT participants, both in terms of choice ratio and response time. Although both groups exhibited similar predictive behaviors, learning to favor advantageous choices led to increased pupillary arousal for these choices in the ASD group, while it caused a decrease in pupillary arousal in the NT group. Moreover, greater pupil-linked arousal during decisions with higher expected value correlated with greater degree of self-reported intolerance of uncertainty in everyday life. Our results suggest that in a nonvolatile probabilistic environment, objectively good predictive abilities in people with ASD are coupled with elevated physiological stress and subjective uncertainty regarding the decisions with the best possible but still uncertain outcome that contributes to their intolerance of uncertainty.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Поиск нейрофизиологических механизмов конфигурационного обучения},

author = {Б.В. Чернышев and В.Л. Ушаков and Л.А. Позняк},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.31857_S0044467724020028.pdf},

doi = {10.31857/S0044467724020028},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-03-00},

urldate = {2024-03-00},

journal = {Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П.Павлова},

volume = {74},

number = {2},

pages = {150-166},

publisher = {Российская академия наук},

abstract = {Конфигурационным обучением называют такую форму ассоциативного обучения, при которой условным стимулом выступает целостный комплекс стимульных элементов, а не отдельные стимулы или их изолированные свойства. Для успешного решения задачи такого ассоциативного обучения требуется холистический анализ всей конфигурации в целом. Возможность анализировать не только отдельные физические аспекты стимула или отдельные объекты зрительной сцены, но и их целостные комбинации дает существенные эволюционные преимущества, поскольку часто конфигурации обладают существенно большей предсказательной силой в сравнении с отдельными элементами или признаками стимула. Более того, возможность холистического анализа комбинаций элементов или признаков стимульного поля может считаться начальным, примитивным проявлением сознания. В настоящем обзоре мы рассмотрим историю разработки концепции конфигурационного обучения, основные методические пути исследования и имеющиеся на настоящий момент нейрофизиологические данные о предполагаемых нейрональных основах этого феномена. Наиболее интересными нам представляются исследования процессов конфигурационного обучения у человека с помощью современных методов нейровизуализации, поскольку они дают возможность заглянуть в работу целостного мозга. В заключение мы рассмотрим, какие проблемы в имеющихся исследованиях должны быть преодолены в будущем, чтобы обеспечить более полное понимание нейрофизиологии феномена конфигурационного обучения.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chernyshev2024,

title = {Prolongation of Cerebral Activation in Response to a Stimulus as a Probable Mechanism of Associative Plasticity during Semantic Learning},

author = {B. V. Chernyshev and A. A. Pavlova and A. M. Rytikova and A. V. Butorina and T. A. Stroganova},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.1007_s11055-024-01610-0.pdf},

doi = {10.1007/s11055-024-01610-0},

issn = {1573-899X},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-03-00},

urldate = {2024-03-00},

journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology },

volume = {54},

number = {3},

pages = {434-447},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Remembering the meanings of new spoken words is believed to occur as a result of associative learning. For example, this is how words denoting movements can be compared with their corresponding motor acts. Synaptic plasticity is known to develop in the brain when the activity of the cellular ensembles representing associated events coincides in time. However, in reality, such associations can develop when there is a significant time gap between the events to be associated, violating the conditions required for the occurrence of synaptic plasticity. We suggested that the conditions required for the development of synaptic plasticity in the brain can be created if the activity of neural representations is prolonged in time such that the required overlap in time at the level of neural ensembles is achieved. To test this assumption, we recorded magnetoencephalograms from voluntary participants during the development of associations between pseudowords and movements of the four limbs. The results obtained here show that there is indeed a significant prolongation of stimulus-induced auditory-verbal activation when new associations develop. Thus, during the development of an association, conditions can be created in the brain for the development of Hebbian plasticity, even if the associated events are separated in time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kozunova2023,

title = {Neurobiological Factors of Executive Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders},

author = {G. L. Kozunova and F. Kh. Zakirov and A. M. Rytikova and T. A. Stroganova and B. V. Chernyshev},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.1007_s11055-023-01512-7.pdf},

doi = {10.1007/s11055-023-01512-7},

issn = {1573-899X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-11-10},

urldate = {2023-11-10},

journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},

volume = {53},

number = {7},

pages = {1158-1174},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and a tendency to stereotypical behavior. Neuropsychological deficit in executive functions – cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, working memory, etc. – makes a significant contribution to the development of these symptoms. The key role in these processes is played by the prefrontal and cingulate areas of the cortex, which are regulated by cerebral neuromodulatory systems including cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic ergicities. In the early stages of brain development, neuromodulators operate as neurotrophic factors and regulate the balance of arousal and inhibition in the cerebral cortex. The pathogenesis of autism may be associated with impaired metabolism of one or more neuromodulators. The purpose of this review is to consider the role of neuromodulators in the formed and developing brain and the contribution made by neuromodulator imbalance to the development of autism symptoms in children and adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chernyshev2023,

title = {Продление мозговой активации в ответ на стимул как вероятный механизм ассоциативной пластичности при семантическом научении},

author = {Б.В. Чернышев and А.А. Павлова and А.М. Рытикова and А.В. Буторина and Т.А. Строганова},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.31857_s0044467723060035.pdf},

doi = {10.31857/s0044467723060035},

issn = {0044-4677},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-11-01},

urldate = {2023-11-01},

journal = {Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П.Павлова},

volume = {73},

number = {6},

pages = {764-784},

publisher = {Российская академия наук},

abstract = {Считается, что запоминание смысла новых слов речи происходит благодаря ассоциативному обучению. Например, именно так слова, обозначающие движения, могут сопоставляться с соответствующими моторными актами. Известно, что синаптическая пластичность в мозге развивается при условии совпадения во времени активности клеточных ансамблей, репрезентирующих ассоциируемые события. Однако в реальности при выработке подобных ассоциаций возможен значительный разрыв во времени между ассоциируемыми событиями, нарушающий условия возникновения синаптической пластичности. Мы предположили, что необходимые условия для развития синаптической пластичности в мозге могут создаваться благодаря тому, что активность нейронных репрезентаций продлевается во времени, и тем самым обеспечивается требуемое перекрытие во времени на уровне нейронных ансамблей. Чтобы проверить это предположение, мы регистрировали магнитоэнцефалограмму у добровольных участников во время выработки ассоциаций между псевдословами и движениями четырьмя конечностями. Результаты исследования показывают, что при выработке новых ассоциаций действительно происходит значимое удлинение слухоречевой активации, вызванной стимулом. Таким образом, во время выработки ассоциации в мозге действительно могут создаваться условия для развития Хеббовской пластичности, даже если ассоциируемые события разнесены во времени.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chernyshev2023c,

title = {Losses resulting from deliberate exploration trigger beta oscillations in frontal cortex},

author = {Boris V. Chernyshev and Kristina I. Pultsina and Vera D. Tretyakova and Aleksandra S. Miasnikova and Andrey O. Prokofyev and Galina L. Kozunova and Tatiana A. Stroganova},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.3389_fnins.2023.1152926.pdf},

doi = {10.3389/fnins.2023.1152926},

issn = {1662-453X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-05-11},

urldate = {2023-05-11},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},

volume = {17},

pages = {1152926},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {We examined the neural signature of directed exploration by contrasting MEG beta (16–30 Hz) power changes between disadvantageous and advantageous choices in the two-choice probabilistic reward task. We analyzed the choices made after the participants have learned the probabilistic contingency between choices and their outcomes, i.e., acquired the inner model of choice values. Therefore, rare disadvantageous choices might serve explorative, environment-probing purposes. The study brought two main findings. Firstly, decision making leading to disadvantageous choices took more time and evidenced greater large-scale suppression of beta oscillations than its advantageous alternative. Additional neural resources recruited during disadvantageous decisions strongly suggest their deliberately explorative nature. Secondly, an outcome of disadvantageous and advantageous choices had qualitatively different impact on feedback-related beta oscillations. After the disadvantageous choices, only losses—but not gains—were followed by late beta synchronization in frontal cortex. Our results are consistent with the role of frontal beta oscillations in the stabilization of neural representations for selected behavioral rule when explorative strategy conflicts with value-based behavior. Punishment for explorative choice being congruent with its low value in the reward history is more likely to strengthen, through punishment-related beta oscillations, the representation of exploitative choices consistent with the inner utility model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kozunova2022b,

title = {Pupil dilation and response slowing distinguish deliberate explorative choices in the probabilistic learning task},

author = {Galina L. Kozunova and Ksenia E. Sayfulina and Andrey O. Prokofyev and Vladimir A. Medvedev and Anna M. Rytikova and Tatiana A. Stroganova and Boris V. Chernyshev},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.3758_s13415-022-00996-z.pdf},

doi = {10.3758/s13415-022-00996-z},

issn = {1531-135X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-04-01},

urldate = {2022-04-01},

journal = {Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience },

volume = {22},

number = {5},

pages = {1108-1129},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {This study examined whether pupil size and response time would distinguish directed exploration from random exploration and exploitation. Eighty-nine participants performed the two-choice probabilistic learning task while their pupil size and response time were continuously recorded. Using LMM analysis, we estimated differences in the pupil size and response time between the advantageous and disadvantageous choices as a function of learning success, i.e., whether or not a participant has learned the probabilistic contingency between choices and their outcomes. We proposed that before a true value of each choice became known to a decision-maker, both advantageous and disadvantageous choices represented a random exploration of the two options with an equally uncertain outcome, whereas the same choices after learning manifested exploitation and direct exploration strategies, respectively. We found that disadvantageous choices were associated with increases both in response time and pupil size, but only after the participants had learned the choice-reward contingencies. For the pupil size, this effect was strongly amplified for those disadvantageous choices that immediately followed gains as compared to losses in the preceding choice. Pupil size modulations were evident during the behavioral choice rather than during the pretrial baseline. These findings suggest that occasional disadvantageous choices, which violate the acquired internal utility model, represent directed exploration. This exploratory strategy shifts choice priorities in favor of information seeking and its autonomic and behavioral concomitants are mainly driven by the conflict between the behavioral plan of the intended exploratory choice and its strong alternative, which has already proven to be more rewarding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Razorenova2020b,

title = {Rapid Cortical Plasticity Induced by Active Associative Learning of Novel Words in Human Adults},

author = {Alexandra M. Razorenova and Boris V. Chernyshev and Anastasia Yu Nikolaeva and Anna V. Butorina and Andrey O. Prokofyev and Nikita B. Tyulenev and Tatiana A. Stroganova},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.3389_fnins.2020.00895.pdf},

doi = {10.3389/fnins.2020.00895},

issn = {1662-453X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-09-11},

urldate = {2020-09-11},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},

volume = {14},

pages = {895},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {Human speech requires that new words are routinely memorized, yet neurocognitive mechanisms of such acquisition of memory remain highly debatable. Major controversy concerns the question whether cortical plasticity related to word learning occurs in neocortical speech-related areas immediately after learning, or neocortical plasticity emerges only on the second day after a prolonged time required for consolidation after learning. The functional spatiotemporal pattern of cortical activity related to such learning also remains largely unknown. In order to address these questions, we examined magnetoencephalographic responses elicited in the cerebral cortex by passive presentations of eight novel pseudowords before and immediately after an operant conditioning task. This associative procedure forced participants to perform an active search for unique meaning of four pseudowords that referred to movements of left and right hands and feet. The other four pseudowords did not require any movement and thus were not associated with any meaning. Familiarization with novel pseudowords led to a bilateral repetition suppression of cortical responses to them; the effect started before or around the uniqueness point and lasted for more than 500 ms. After learning, response amplitude to pseudowords that acquired meaning was greater compared with response amplitude to pseudowords that were not assigned meaning; the effect was significant within 144–362 ms after the uniqueness point, and it was found only in the left hemisphere. Within this time interval, a learning-related selective response initially emerged in cortical areas surrounding the Sylvian fissure: anterior superior temporal sulcus, ventral premotor cortex, the anterior part of intraparietal sulcus and insula. Later within this interval, activation additionally spread to more anterior higher-tier brain regions, and reached the left temporal pole and the triangular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus extending to its orbital part. Altogether, current findings evidence rapid plastic changes in cortical representations of meaningful auditory word-forms occurring almost immediately after learning. Additionally, our results suggest that familiarization resulting from stimulus repetition and semantic acquisition resulting from an active learning procedure have separable effects on cortical activity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sayfulina2020b,

title = {Feature Binding in the Visual Modality Depends on Attention: Analysis of Mismatch Negativity},

author = {K. E. Sayfulina and I. E. Lazarev and E. G. Chernysheva and B. V. Chernyshev},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.1007_s11055-019-00885-y.pdf},

doi = {10.1007/s11055-019-00885-y},

issn = {1573-899X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-02},

urldate = {2020-01-02},

journal = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},

volume = {50},

number = {2},

pages = {173-182},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {This study address the question of whether attention is required for binding of features in the visual modality. Subjects performed a task based on discrimination of visual stimuli – Gabor grids – characterizing two features: the spatial frequency and the tilt angle. Deviant stimuli could be detected on the background of standard stimuli only using a combination of features, not single features. Event-related potentials were analyzed in four experimental conditions: selective attention to the target stimulus; selective neglect of the nontarget stimulus; distributed attention to all visual stimuli; intermodal distraction of attention from the visual modality to the auditory modality. Mismatch negativity was significantly present only in the situation of attention to visual stimuli – both selective and distributed. These results showed that binding of features occurred only in the situation of attention to visual stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nurislamova2019,

title = {Enhanced Theta-Band Coherence Between Midfrontal and Posterior Parietal Areas Reflects Post-feedback Adjustments in the State of Outcome Uncertainty},

author = {Yulia M. Nurislamova and Nikita A. Novikov and Natalia A. Zhozhikashvili and Boris V. Chernyshev},

url = {https://megmoscow.ru/wp-content/uploads/pubs/10.3389_fnint.2019.00014.pdf},

doi = {10.3389/fnint.2019.00014},

issn = {1662-5145},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-04-24},

urldate = {2019-04-24},

journal = {Frontiers in integrative neuroscience},

volume = {13},

pages = {1-14},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {Medial frontal cortex is currently viewed as the main hub of the performance monitoring system; upon detection of an error committed, it establishes functional connections with brain regions involved in task performance, thus leading to neural adjustments in them. Previous research has identified targets of such adjustments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cortical regions, motor cortical areas, and subthalamic nucleus. Yet most of such studies involved visual tasks with relatively moderate cognitive load and strong dependence on motor inhibition – thus highlighting sensory, executive and motor effects while underestimating sensorimotor transformation and related aspects of decision making. Currently there is ample evidence that posterior

parietal cortical areas are involved in task-specific neural processes of decision making (including evidence accumulation, sensorimotor transformation, attention, etc.) – yet, to our knowledge, no EEG studies have demonstrated post-error increase in functional connectivity in the theta-band between midfrontal and posterior parietal areas during performance on non-visual tasks. In the present study, we recorded EEG while subjects were performing an auditory version of the cognitively demanding attentional condensation task; this task involves rather non-straightforward stimulus-toresponse mapping rules, thus, creating increased load on sensorimotor transformation. We observed strong pre-response alpha-band suppression in the left parietal area,

which presumably reflected involvement of the posterior parietal cortex in task-specific decision-making processes. Negative feedback was followed by increased midfrontal theta-band power and increased functional coupling in the theta band between midfrontal and left parietal regions. This could be interpreted as activation of the performance monitoring system and top–down influence of this system on the posterior parietal regions involved in decision making, respectively. This inter-site coupling related to negative feedback was stronger for subjects who tended to commit errors with slower response times. Generally, current findings support the idea that slower errors are related to the state of outcome uncertainty caused by failures of task-specific processes, associated with posterior parietal regions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{CHERNYSHEV2016,

title = {Early suppression effect in human primary visual cortex during Kanizsa illusion processing: A magnetoencephalographic evidence},

author = {Boris V. Chernyshev and Platon K. Pronko and Tatiana A. Stroganova},

doi = {10.1017/s0952523816000031},

issn = {1469-8714},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-03-16},

urldate = {2016-00-00},

journal = {Visual Neuroscience},

volume = {33},

pages = {E007},

publisher = {Maximum Academic Press},

abstract = {Detection of illusory contours (ICs) such as Kanizsa figures is known to depend primarily upon the lateral occipital complex. Yet there is no universal agreement on the role of the primary visual cortex in this process; some existing evidence hints that an early stage of the visual response in V1 may involve relative suppression to Kanizsa figures compared with controls. Iso-oriented luminance borders, which are responsible for Kanizsa illusion, may evoke surround suppression in V1 and adjacent areas leading to the reduction in the initial response to Kanizsa figures. We attempted to test the existence, as well as to find localization and timing of the early suppression effect produced by Kanizsa figures in adult nonclinical human participants. We used two sizes of visual stimuli (4.5 and 9.0°) in order to probe the effect at two different levels of eccentricity; the stimuli were presented centrally in passive viewing conditions. We recorded magnetoencephalogram, which is more sensitive than electroencephalogram to activity originating from V1 and V2 areas. We restricted our analysis to the medial occipital area and the occipital pole, and to a 40–120 ms time window after the stimulus onset. By applying threshold-free cluster enhancement technique in combination with permutation statistics, we were able to detect the inverted IC effect—a relative suppression of the response to the Kanizsa figures compared with the control stimuli. The current finding is highly compatible with the explanation involving surround suppression evoked by iso-oriented collinear borders. The effect may be related to the principle of sparse coding, according to which V1 suppresses representations of inner parts of collinear assemblies as being informationally redundant. Such a mechanism is likely to be an important preliminary step preceding object contour detection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}